Bernard of Clairvaux, saint, ascetic, founder of numerous abbeys and crusade preacher, was a powerful man of the Church and a 12th century trailblazer. author of “henry viii. Abelard submitted without resistance, and he retired to Cluny to live under the protection of Peter the Venerable, where he died two years later. He takes his name from a monastery he founded … Updates? The abbey became too small for its members and it was necessary to send out bands to found new houses. Clothe yourselves in sackcloth, but also cover yourselves with your impenetrable bucklers. One time he restored the power of speech to an old man that he might confess his sins before he died. He preached at the Council of Vézelay (1146) to recruit for the Second Crusade. St. Bernard of Clairvaux, (born 1090, probably Fontaine-les-Dijon, near Dijon, Burgundy [France]—died August 20, 1153, Clairvaux, Champagne; canonized January 18, 1174; feast day August 20), Cistercian monk and mystic, founder and abbot of the abbey of Clairvaux and one of the most influential churchmen of his time. All Public Masses in the Archdiocese of Toronto Are Temporarily Cancelled. and the english monasteries” “the great … €94 Bernard of Clairvaux was one of the most interesting and influential people of his time. Gerard of Clairvaux, Bernard's older brother, became the cellarer of Citeaux. Both his parents were exceptional models of virtue. On the death of Pope Honorius II on 13 February 1130, a schism arose in the church. He could also commune with nature and say: Believe me, for I know, you will find something far greater in the woods than in books. It is said that his mother, Aleth, exerted a virtuous influence upon Bernard only second to what St. Monica had done for St. Augustine of Hippo in the 5th century. If thou art tossed by the waves of pride or ambition, detraction or envy, look to the star, call upon Mary. Germany had decided to support Innocent through Norbert of Xanten, who was a friend of Bernard's. Bernard did not reject human philosophy which is genuine philosophy, which leads to God; he differentiates between different kinds of knowledge, the highest being theological. He had a special devotion to the Virgin Mary, and he later wrote several works about the Queen of Heaven.[4]. [12] The council found in favour of Bernard and their judgment was confirmed by the pope. August 20, ... call upon Mary. [4] These include: Burgundian saint, abbot and theologian (1090-1153). Bernard of Clairvaux (1090-1153) was a French theologian. Bernard de Clairvaux. Latin text by J. L eclercq, H. R ochais, and C h. H. T albot. The central elements of Bernard's Mariology are how he explained the virginity of Mary, the "Star of the Sea", and her role as Mediatrix. Under pressure from his ecclesiastical superiors and his friends, notably the bishop and scholar William of Champeaux, he retired to a hut near the monastery and to the discipline of a quack physician. Leclercq"S, . This action gave rise to a quarrel between the White Monks and the Black Monks which lasted 20 years. At the age of nine, he was sent to a school at Châtillon-sur-Seine run by the secular canons of Saint-Vorles. He traveled to Sicily in 1137 to convince the king of Sicily to follow Innocent. Drawn as much by the fame of the monk as by the mandates of the king and the Pope, a vast assembly of prelates and nobles gathered at Vézelay in Burgundy. He wrote at this time his sermons on the Song of Songs. About the same time, Bernard was visited at Clairvaux by Malachy, Primate of All Ireland, and a very close friendship formed between them. There he explains how the sins of the crusaders were the cause of their misfortune and failures. At the conference held at Palermo, Bernard succeeded in convincing Roger of the rights of Innocent II. St. Bernard of Clairvaux, the second founder of the Cistercians, the Mellifluous Doctor, the apostle of the Crusades, the miracle-worker, the reconciler of kings, the leader of peoples, the counselor of popes! [19] The full text has not survived, but a contemporary account says that "his voice rang out across the meadow like a celestial organ"[19]. King Louis VI of France convened a national council of the French bishops at Étampes in 1130, and Bernard was chosen to judge between the rivals for pope. In May of that year, the pope, supported by the army of Lothair III, entered Rome, but Lothair III, feeling himself too weak to resist the partisans of Anacletus, retired beyond the Alps, and Innocent sought refuge in Pisa in September 1133. He then found Radulphe in Mainz and was able to silence him, returning him to his monastery.[21]. Overview of France's Clairvaux Abbey, with a discussion of the Cistercian order. He turned away from his literary education, begun at the school at Châtillon-sur-Seine, and from ecclesiastical advancement, toward a life of renunciation and solitude. Bernard of Clairvaux quotes Pope Honorius delegated Bernard to preach throughout France and Germany the renewal of the holy war. After the council, the bishop of Verdun was deposed. Hasten to appease the anger of heaven, but no longer implore its goodness by vain complaints. St Bernard of Clairvaux and Peter Abelard. [6], So great was his reputation that princes and Popes sought his advice, and even the enemies of the Church admired the holiness of his life and the greatness of his writings. He was sent to found a new abbey at an isolated clearing in a glen known as the Val d'Absinthe, about 15 kilometres (9.3 mi) southeast of Bar-sur-Aube. Bernard found it expedient to dwell upon taking the cross as a potent means of gaining absolution for sin and attaining grace. By 1119 the Cistercians had a charter approved by Pope Calixtus II for nine abbeys under the primacy of the abbot of Cîteaux. [17] Pope Eugenius came in person to France to encourage the enterprise. At the solicitation of William of St. Thierry, Bernard defended the order by publishing his Apology which was divided into two parts. In 1144 Eugene III commissioned Bernard to preach the Second Crusade[6] and granted the same indulgences for it which Pope Urban II had accorded to the First Crusade. The enthusiasm of the assembly of Clermont in 1095, when Peter the Hermit and Urban II launched the first crusade, was matched by the holy fervor inspired by Bernard as he cried, "O ye who listen to me! Bernard later commented that Gerard was his most formidable opponent during the whole schism. Three years later, Bernard was sent with a band of twelve monks to found a new house at Vallée d'Absinthe,[6] in the Diocese of Langres. The bishops made Bernard secretary of the council, and charged him with drawing up the synodal statutes. They are characterized by repetition of references to the Church Fathers and by the use of analogues, etymologies, alliterations, and biblical symbols, and they are imbued with resonance and poetic genius. Bernard de Clairvaux: Sermons Divers. "[27], Bernard's theology and Mariology continue to be of major importance, particularly within the Cistercian and Trappist orders. St. Bernard of Clairvaux is clearly one of the greatest preachers of all time. The last years of Bernard's life were saddened by the failure of the crusaders, the entire responsibility for which was thrown upon him. [6], Many miracles were attributed to his intercession. [citation needed], John Calvin quotes Bernard several times[22] in support of the doctrine of Sola Fide,[23] which Martin Luther described as the article upon which the church stands or falls. He was accused of being a monk who meddled with matters that did not concern him. The need for healthy theological discussion in the Church. [28] He was the first Cistercian monk placed on the calendar of saints and was canonized by Alexander III 18 January 1174. Pope Innocent II died in the year 1143. [9], Again reproaches arose against Bernard and he was denounced, even in Rome. This Bernard named Claire Vallée, of Clairvaux, on the 25th of June, 1115, and the names of Bernard and Clairvaux thence became inseparable. He then went with him into Italy and reconciled Pisa with Genoa, and Milan with the pope. Bernard had returned to France in June and was continuing the work of peacemaking which he had commenced in 1130. Pope Benedict XVI. [24] Calvin also quotes him in setting forth his doctrine of a forensic alien righteousness, or as it is commonly called imputed righteousness. There is perhaps no better way to enjoy Cloisters of the Monastery of Saint Bernard de Clairvaux than by booking a nearby Cloisters of the Monastery of Saint Bernard de Clairvaux hotel! Abelard continued to press for a public debate, and made his challenge widely known, making it hard for Bernard to decline. saint bernard abbot of clairvaux. St. Bernard: De Maria numquam satis. Bernard of Clairvaux (Latin: Bernardus Claraevallensis; 1090 – 20 August 1153), venerated as Saint Bernard, was a Burgundian abbot, and a major leader in the revitalization of Benedictine monasticism through the nascent Order of Cistercians. Aleth’s death, in 1107, so affected Bernard that he claimed that this is when his “long path to complete conversion” began. Overview of St. Bernard of Clairvaux's life. Bernard sought the counsel of the abbot of Cîteaux, St. Stephen Harding, and decided to enter this struggling small new community that had been established by St. Robert of Molesme in 1098 as an effort to restore Benedictinism to a more primitive and austere pattern of life. Abelard sought a debate with Bernard, but Bernard initially declined, saying he did not feel matters of such importance should be settled by logical analyses. The Library of the Cistercian Abbey of Clairvaux at the time of Pierre de Virey (1472) PART A – ESSENTIAL INFORMATION 1. Local system number: Please select which sections you would like to print: Corrections? The influence of the Abbot of Clairvaux was soon felt in provincial affairs. This letter made a positive impression on Harmeric, and in the Vatican. [6], The little community of reformed Benedictines at Cîteaux, which had so profound an influence on Western monasticism, grew rapidly. For this reason, the Black Monks attempted to make it appear that the rules of the new order were impracticable. Hasten then to expiate your sins by victories over the Infidels, and let the deliverance of the holy places be the reward of your repentance." [18][19] Others followed his example and he and his helpers were supposedly still producing crosses as night fell. Bernard went again to Italy, where Roger II of Sicily was endeavouring to withdraw the Pisans from their allegiance to Innocent. The din of arms, the danger, the labors, the fatigues of war, are the penances that God now imposes upon you. Forbid those noisy troublesome frogs to come out of their holes, to leave their marshes ... Then your friend will no longer be exposed to the accusations of pride and presumption.[4]. Bernard died at the age of 63, after 40 years as a monk. Bernard is Dante Alighieri's last guide, in Divine Comedy, as he travels through the Empyrean. Bernard of Clairvaux (Latin: Bernardus Claraevallensis; 1090 – 20 August 1153), venerated as Saint Bernard, was a Burgundian abbot, and a major leader in the revitalization of Benedictine monasticism through the nascent Order of Cistercians.. He decided in favour of Innocent II. Anacletus died of "grief and disappointment" in 1138, and with him the schism ended. Illustrious persons were buried at Clairvaux in the livery of the poor of Christ, among them Henry of France, brother of King Louis VII; Alexander of Cologne, who was later one of the successors of St. Bernard of Clairvaux; Henry Murdach who became Abbot of Vauclair and later Archbishop of York; Philip, Archdeacon of Liège, etc. Conrad III of Germany and his nephew Frederick Barbarossa, received the cross from the hand of Bernard. Bernard was the third of seven children, six of whom were sons. He defended the rights of the Church against the encroachments of kings and princes, and recalled to their duty Henri Sanglier, archbishop of Sens and Stephen of Senlis, bishop of Paris. It contains the rules and laws for life within their chivalric military order. [29] Pope Pius VIII bestowed on him the title "Doctor of the Church". However, Innocent insisted on Bernard's company when he met with Lothair II, Holy Roman Emperor. Many letters, treatises, and other works, falsely attributed to him survive, and are now referred to as works by pseudo-Bernard. Bernard expanded upon Anselm of Canterbury's role in transmuting the sacramentally ritual Christianity of the Early Middle Ages into a new, more personally held faith, with the life of Christ as a model and a new emphasis on the Virgin Mary. Disciples flocked to it in great numbers and put themselves under the direction of Bernard. Bernard is said to have flung off his own robe and began tearing it into strips to make more. Bernard of Clairvaux is the attributed author of poems often translated in English hymnals as: The modern critical edition is Sancti Bernardi opera (1957–1977), edited by Jean Leclercq.[33][d]. That was St. Bernard of Menthon, not the Cistercian reformer of the 12 th Century. He is honored as a founder of the Cistercian order because of his role in popularizing the order in the twelfth century. S-a născut într-o familie de nobili din nord estul ținutului Bourgogne în localitatea Fontaine, lângă Dijon. However, Abelard continued to develop his teachings, which were controversial in some quarters. According to tradition, Bernard founded the monastery on 25 June 1115, naming it Claire Vallée, which evolved into Clairvaux. This caused the pope to be recognized by all the great powers. Other websites. He wanted to excel in literature in order to take up the study of the Bible. In the first part, he proved himself innocent of the charges of Cluny and in the second he gave his reasons for his counterattacks. He defended the rights of the Church against the encroachments of kings and princes, and recalled to their duty Henry Archbishop of Sens , and Stephen de Senlis, Bishop of Paris . Lothair II became Innocent's strongest ally among the nobility. Bernard's great desire was to excel in literature in order to take up the study of Sacred Scripture, which later on became, as it were, his own tongue. After the Christian defeat at the Siege of Edessa, the pope commissioned Bernard to preach the Second Crusade. Saouma, Brigitte. Conrad III and his son Henry died the same year. This Bernard named Claire Vallée, or Clairvaux, on 25 June 1115, and the names of Bernard and Clairvaux soon became inseparable. There are many who believe that it was his championship of the Templars that made their survival possible. James Meeker Ludlow describes the scene romantically in his book The Age of the Crusades: A large platform was erected on a hill outside the city. Download books for free. Abelard's treatise on the Trinity had been condemned as heretical in 1121, and he was compelled to throw his own book into the fire. He was an Abbot in the Cistercian order. Bernard struggled and learned to live with the inevitable tension created by his desire to serve others in charity through obedience and his desire to cultivate his inner life by remaining in his monastic enclosure. Translated by P ierre-Y ves É mery. Bernard's "Prayer to the Shoulder Wound of Jesus" is often published in Catholic prayer books. Bernard of Clairvaux (French saint, Cistercian abbot, and writer, 1090-1153) The monastery, however, made rapid progress. His texts are prescribed readings in Cistercian congregations. The movement found an ardent and powerful advocate in Peter Abelard. During an absence from Clairvaux, the Grand Prior of the Abbey of Cluny went to Clairvaux and enticed away Bernard's cousin, Robert of Châtillon. selected, with a preface, by. Find books He hastened to terminate his worldly life and restore discipline in his monastery. There Bernard preached an immediate faith, in which the intercessor was the Virgin Mary. He was sent to found a new abbey at an isolated clearing in a glen known as the Val d'Absinthe, about 15 kilometres (9.3 mi) southeast of Bar-sur-Aube. Ring in the new year with a Britannica Membership, https://www.britannica.com/biography/Saint-Bernard-of-Clairvaux, The Catholic Encyclopedia - Biography of Saint Bernard of Menthon, Eternal Word Television Network - Biography of Staint Bernard of Clairvaux, The Catholic Encyclopedia - St. Bernard of Clairvaux, Franciscan Media - Biography of Saint Bernard of Clairvaux, Bernard of Clairvaux - Student Encyclopedia (Ages 11 and up). After the death of his mother, Bernard sought admission into the Cistercian order. Soon afterwards, Henry of Lausanne was arrested, brought before the bishop of Toulouse, and probably imprisoned for life. At the Eucharist, he "admonished the Duke not to despise God as he did His servants". He is a Roman Catholic saint. [25], One day, to cool down his lustful temptation, Bernard threw himself into ice-cold water. Bernard invited William to the Mass which he celebrated in the Church of La Couldre. The purpose of this council was to settle certain disputes of the bishops of Paris, and regulate other matters of the Church of France. L’Amour de Dieu et La Grâce et le Libre Arbitre | Bernard de Clairvaux | download | B–OK. [18], There was at first virtually no popular enthusiasm for the crusade as there had been in 1095. His two successors, Pope Celestine II and Pope Lucius II, reigned only a short time, and then Bernard saw one of his disciples, Bernard of Pisa, and known thereafter as Eugene III, raised to the Chair of Saint Peter. It was eventually reassembled at 16711 West Dixie Highway, North Miami Beach, Florida, where it is now an Episcopal church and tourist attraction called Ancient Spanish … [13] Bernard sent him, at the pope's own request, various instructions which comprise the Book of Considerations, the predominating idea of which is that the reformation of the Church ought to commence with the sanctity of the pope. Religious even of the other orders, flocked there. The last years of Bernard's life were saddened by the failure of the Second Crusade he had preached, the entire responsibility for which was thrown upon him. He was plagued most of his life by impaired health, which took the form of anemia, migraine, gastritis, hypertension, and an atrophied sense of taste. vicar of stalisfield. Bernard of Clairvaux (Latin: Bernardus Claraevallensis; 1090 - 20 August 1153), venerated as Saint Bernard, was a Burgundian abbot, and a major leader in the revitalization of Benedictine monasticism through the nascent Order of Cistercians.. He is labeled the "Mellifluous Doctor" for his eloquence. Growing up my family had a St. Bernard dog. The passing of Pope Eugenius had struck the fatal blow by taking from him one whom he considered his greatest friend and consoler. But once out of Bernard's presence, he reneged. As in the olden scene, the cry "Deus vult! He subsequently denounced the teachings of Peter Abelard to the pope, who called a council at Sens in 1141 to settle the matter. Encyclopedia Americana, 1970 v. 3, p. 606 (Saint Bernard of Clairvaux, 1090-1153) Incipit Speculu[m] b[ea]ti Bernhardi abbatis de honestate vite, ca. [c] Bernard led to the foundation of 163 monasteries in different parts of Europe. In opposition to the rational approach to divine understanding that the scholastics adopted, Bernard preached an immediate faith, in which the intercessor was the Virgin Mary. [7] Bernard's testimony was so irresistible that 30 of his friends, brothers, and relatives followed him into the monastic life. His influence led Alexander III to launch reforms that led to the establishment of canon law. St. Bernard de Clairvaux Church is a medieval Spanish monastery cloister which was built in the town of Sacramenia in Segovia, Spain, in the 12th century but dismantled in the 20th century and shipped to New York City in the United States. The zeal of Bernard extended to the bishops, the clergy, and lay people. [4], In the year 1119, Bernard was present at the first general chapter of the order convoked by Stephen of Cîteaux. This he did, but when the campaign continued, Bernard traveled from Flanders to Germany to deal with the problems in person. [8] In 1118 Trois-Fontaines Abbey was founded in the diocese of Châlons; in 1119 Fontenay Abbey in the Diocese of Autun; and in 1121 Foigny Abbey near Vervins, in the diocese of Laon. It was a time when Bernard was experiencing what he apprehended as the divine in a mystical and intuitive manner. At his death, they numbered 343. [4] William yielded and the schism ended. Bernard of Clairvaux, Saint (1090 or 91-1153), Mary Blessed Virgin, Saint, Malachy Saint (1094?-1148), Jesus Christ, Bernard of Clairvaux, Saint (1090 or 1091-1153), Bernard, de Clairvaux Saint (1090 ou 91-1153), Bridget of Sweden, Saint (ca.
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