Specialty industries like the Curtiss Aeroplane and Motor Company, several car and truck manufacturers and a slew of casting and machining businesses all made important contributions to the world’s first attempt at mechanized war. Thousands of Buffalonians died of the disease or its complications, a 31.4% increase over the previous year. Doctors and nurses attend to dozens of stricken soldiers at Fort Riley, KS. Juin 1918 : La relance des offensives allemandes. Insigne des tankistes allemands de la Première Guerre Mondiale (porté après-guerre), représentant un Sturmpanzerwagen. Le 24 avril trois unités furent engagées à Villers-Bretonneux ou elles se heurtèrent à des Mark IV de la British Army dans ce qui fut le premier affrontement entre chars de combat. Many in today’s world of antibiotics and advanced science fail to grasp just how deadly the flu was a century ago, leading to one of its many names: America’s Forgotten Pandemic. Bulletins and posters, like this one from Connecticut, were disseminated in an attempt to educate the population on measures to prevent the spread of influenza. La transition. Tucker, Spencer (2004). The changing demographics and industry of Buffalo were only two of the changes rocking the Queen City. Les chars mis en œuvre en nombre par les Alliés contribuèrent à la défaite finale de l’armée impériale allemande en 1918 . We examine the environmental efforts of this unassuming Buffalo jeweler to reclaim the waterfront of the city he loved. En avril 1918, lors de la seconde bataille de Villers-Bretonneux, trois chars allemands A7V engagèrent trois chars britanniques Mark IV. L’armée allemande fut très en retard en ce domaine et seulement 20 chars A7V, des boîtes blindées peu manœuvrables, furent construits en 1918. Chars allemands de la première guerre mondiale. Le premier exemplaire fut livré le 1er octobre 1917. The first two deaths officially attributed to the flu happened two days later, with a mother and her 12-year-old daughter passing only a day apart of each other. These entities were responsible for tracking disease, implementing public health measures and keeping the public informed of both. West Chester, Pennsylvania: Schiffer Publications. Along with the shift away from reliance on Midwestern grain, there was a massive social shift underway as well. In the wake of the opening, a year ago, of the John R. Oishei Children's Hospital, we take a look back at how the institution began—and grew. On October 27, the International Railway Corporation gave in to employee demands and raised the men’s pay to 46 and 48 cents an hour, allowing them to turn on the heat in the cars and also to pay some $275,000 in back pay. In March of that year, more than 100 soldiers at Fort Riley, KS, had contracted the disease and that number would skyrocket in the next week. By 1920, the Chamber of Commerce listed at least eight theaters, providing low-cost entertainment for Buffalonians of all classes as well as a nearly ideal environment for the spread of flu. These factors together led to a well-documented drop off in health, fertility and life expectancy among new immigrants. Après la Grande Guerre, ni la Grande-Bretagne ni les États-Unis ne portèrent autant d’attention à la question du perfectionnement des blindés que la Wehrmacht allemande; en sorte que les puissances alliées prirent un retard important dans ce domaine de recherche. Veterinarian, innovator, community leader and vendor of patent medicines, Dr. John Claris saved countless equine lives with his facilities and innovations in horse care. A Daladier qui s'en inquiétait, le général Gamelin aurait répondu: "C'est ce qu'on appelle un bulletin de renseignements de couverture, pour le cas où l'affaire tournerait mal". L’Allgemeine Kriegsdepartement 7, Abteilung Verkehrswesenavec Joseph Völlmer débute le projet d’un premier prototype en novembre 1916. Le char FCM 2 C: Ces chars lourds, dits de ruptures, furent commandés à 300 exemplaires en 1918 pour appuyer l'offensive décisive en Allemagne, que le maréchal Foch pensait ne pouvoir déclencher qu'en 1919. However, as the ghastly outbreak unfolded a few short hours down the rails in Boston in the third week of September, New York classified the affliction as a reportable disease and created a thorough flu surveillance system. Fin 1914-1915. par Eric Le Maitre | 25 octobre 2020 | Uniformes. Somme, 1918, char français Renault avant l'attaque. Perhaps the most alarming aspect of this particular outbreak of the disease only became apparent once epidemiologists began counting the dead. He also asked school teachers and factory foremen to report any sick individuals to the City Medical School Examiners. In order to comply, they had to hire 35 additional gravediggers. Sous le commandement du général Ludendorff, les Allemands battent en retraite. After more than a century as a social club and organization, the most charming brick on the Broadway block is getting a facelift. With the resumption of streetcar service, the continued decline of flu cases and the subsequent lifting of the quarantine, most of Buffalo’s citizens settled back into the pattern of Liberty Loan drives, newsreels of the war and work. 30 Novembre 2016, Rédigé par BERNIE 54 Publié dans #allemands, #champ de bataille, #char, #centenaire, #WW1, #combats, #tranchées - Bonjour a toutes et tous . Meanwhile, the funeral home of Ernest Wedekindt advertised, “A Funeral in 24 Hours” and his “$100 burial outfit consist(ing) of grave, hearse, three automobiles, outside box, shroud, casket, crepe gloves, embalming, burial permit and complete attention.”. Social norms within Buffalo broke down quickly; one of the city’s Polish-language newspapers reported that priests were doing funerals assembly-line style, blessing a stream of caskets as they passed in front of the church. Surgeon General that described the flu and several basic preventative measures. A must-have for the sports enthusiast on your list! This works out to a morbidity rate of about 6 percent, far less than the ten percent national average. Dr. Gram sounded a cautious note, suggesting that his agency was running down the people possibly infected and that there were effective preventative measures available. Articles sur A7V and variants à Landships II. The symptoms of the disease were shocking even in a world 30 years or more away from the widespread application of antibiotics: the worst cases would go from walking around healthy to the usual signs of an oncoming flu, to prostration, scorching hot fever, delirium and eventually death in about a week, … Les Allemands avaient pris du retard sur les Britanniques et les Français, mais ils firent grande impression. Les ingénieurs reçoivent un cahier des charges regroupant ces caractéristiques : un poids maximal de 30 tonnes, avec plusieurs mitrailleuses, un canon, une capacité de franchissement d’1,5 m de large, pouvant aller à une vitesse de 14 km/h, sur châssis de tracteur Holt. German Tanks in WWI – The A7V & Early Tank Development. Les premiers chars allemands, les lourds A7V, furent engagés le 21 mars 1918 à la bataille de Saint-Quentin. The appearance of the flu created demographic and technological upheaval in Buffalo at the end of September. As part of his campaign, Gram distributed a bulletin from the U.S. Fabriqués par les Forges et Chantiers de la Méditerrannée (F.C.M), la commande fut résiliée à l'armistice et seuls 10 exemplaires furent livrés. Chars allemands 14-18. Au début de l'année 1918, deux conceptions stratégiques différentes se font jour. Dès octobre 1917, deux Abteilungen (« unités ») de A7V furent constituées, suivies par une troisième au mois de décembre. The disease had almost certainly been percolating in Buffalo for several days by that point. Not surprisingly perhaps, this patchwork of administrative authority produced a wide variety of responses among U.S. communities, with Buffalo being on the more thorough-going side. Le haut commandement allemand ne croyant pas à l'utilité du char d'assaut, sa fabrication ne fut pas prioritaire : il y eut plus de chars britanniques capturés dits Beutepanzer et utilisés par les forces allemandes que d'A7V, qui ne fut produit qu'à 20 exemplaires. Every large city had a board of health and most states had something similar. (Collection Patrice Lamy) (Agrandir la photo) 3 / 16. According to a 1919 report, of the city’s 475,000 residents, a total of 28,398 were sickened. C'est là encore un mastodonte de 40 tonnes, équipé de 2 canons de 57 mm et de 4 à 6 mitrailleuses. Tank Action from the Great War to the Gulf. This second wave was made up mostly of Poles and Italians, who commonly worked as low-skill industrial laborers in 1918. Thus, those first three sick people in Buffalo had already likely infected dozens more at work, at school, on the trolley or in their crowded apartments. Naval Barracks on Chenango Street, where 16 sailors fell ill out of the 400 quartered there. Le fruit de ces travaux sort des atel… On vit donc pour la première fois des chars … Wölfersheim-Berstadt: Podzun-Pallas-Verlag GmbH. Pour la toute première fois, des chars blindés sont utilisés sur le champ de bataille par les Britanniques. Unlike the regular seasonal cases of the flu that struck everyone more or less equally, only killing the very old or young, this flu—which, according to the CDC, was “an H1N1 virus with genes of an avian origin”—struck down a huge number of people, even those in the prime of their lives. There were new sights to take in as well: Buffalo was home to the nation’s first purpose-built movie theater, the ‘vitascope hall’ in the Ellicott Square Building, which opened on October 19, 1896 (and saw an astonishing 200,000 visitors its first year despite having only 72 seats!). The German A7V Tank and the Captured British Mark IV Tanks of World War I. Haynes Foulis. This would cause the patient to gradually drown in their own fluids, after their skin turned a most disturbing shade of lilac. Si les exhalaisons de crottin s'accrochent aux basques des soldats qui partent en 1914, ce sont bien des effluves de pétrole qui accompagnent en 1918 les troupes qui remontent vers le Rhin. Koch, Fred (1994). The Buffalo Evening News led with a piece describing Buffalo the following morning as “…a community without street cars, theatres, saloons or schools—a situation unique in its history as a city.”. C"est le début de la fin pour l'armée impériale. The quarantine was officially lifted at 5 a.m. on November 1, although churches were allowed to hold services (with parishioners included this time) at noon the day before. Les uniformes des équipages de chars allemands de la période 1940 à 1945... Rien de plus complexe en matière de couleur, que les uniformes allemands de la seconde guerre mondiale, tout dépend en plus où l'on veux situer les soldats, et à quelle période du conflit. ... 1915-1918 » est disponible sur le site imagesdesoldats.fr. Unlike today, when the Center for Disease Control (CDC) operates a sophisticated disease surveillance system with broad-ranging powers to impose public health measures on communities, in 1918 public health was largely the domain of localities. Bonn: Bernard & Graefe. Son plus célèbre récipiendaire est le général SS Sepp Dietrich. Buffalo’s theatre district was already well established in 1918 and saloons, pool rooms and bars had a long history, especially in working class neighborhoods. Des soldats américains à bord de chars FT 17 en marche vers la forêt d’Argonne le 26 septembre 1918. As a result, Mayor Buck issued an edict on October 10 closing churches, theaters, schools and “places of public assemblage,” effective 5 a.m. on Friday, October 11. Technology was remaking society at a pace unheard of previously in human history. Foley, John (1967). This second outbreak was extremely fatal. This drew the city into one cohesive whole and allowed the spread of disease in crowded streetcars, as well as the rapid movement of disease from one locale to another. Gram. No doubt their affirmative decision was influenced by the fact that 160 new cases had been reported by noon that day. This, along with what proved to be a fortuitous trolley car strike during the worst of the epidemic, allowed Buffalo to escape with a relatively light outbreak. Après les victoires allemandes du printemps, elle fut le prolongement de la seconde bataille de la Marne qui marqua, en juillet, le renversement décisif de la guerre sur le front ouest. With a population of 475,000, Buffalo was the nation’s tenth largest city in 1918. Surgeon General, Rupert Blue, issued the suggestion that municipalities close schools, theaters and most controversially churches, effective immediately. À 8 H 00, trois tanks Mark IV furent envoyés pour défendre la position britannique. Given these realities, it is perhaps unsurprising that the first reported cases of influenza in Buffalo were in the 10th and 15th wards on the East Side, which were heavily populated by immigrants. Char anglais: Mark-IV. Grimly, Gram also reported that 690 new cases had been reported since noon on October 10 and that a further 42 people had succumbed to the disease. Le Sturmpanzerwagen A7V (véhicule d'assaut blindé) fut le seul char d'assaut développé et déployé par l'armée allemande durant la Première Guerre mondiale. Sur la D168, en direction de Cachy, un petit monument rappelle le premier duel de l’histoire entre chars allemands (A7V) et chars britanniques (Mark IV et Whippets). 39–47. We offer this bonus content on Buffalo's Pan Am women to accompany Daniel Moreno's article, "Her Executive Ability: Challenging Gender Norms at the Pan American Exposition" that appeared in the Winter 2021 issue of Western New York Heritage. Les dernières batailles de la Grande Guerre en juin 1918. Fin septembre, le haut commandement est conscient de la défaite imminente de l’Allemagne. Beutepanzer im Ersten Weltkrieg [Captured tanks in the First World War] (in German). The Buffalo Enquirer reported influenza at Niagara-on-the-Lake on September 21, where the disease had sickened “over 300 soldiers in training in the Polish division of the cantonment…and is rapidly spreading to other divisions in the same camp.” The following day the first cases were reported in the city—three people with the flu were seen by doctors and those doctors reported the illness to acting Health Commissioner, Dr. F.C. Doctors at the time called it “heliotrope cyanosis.”. For the first time, a note of concern was sounded by a member of the executive branch. Their housing was frequently haphazard, crowded and unavoidably filthy. Sturmpanzerwagen camouflé, avec son équipage pléthorique. U.S. Two days later, the flu showed up in the U.S. Hundleby, Maxwell; Strasheim, Rainer (1990). Certains A7V eurent l'occasion de se mesurer à des chars anglais Mark IV, et subirent quelquefois des dommages : les plaques métalliques de l'A7V cassaient sous les impacts de calibres moyens. Chars allemands ! The picture was a profile view that clearly showed how to tie a mask. Gram was aware of the danger, as he had made the flu reportable on September 20 and the following day announced that he had devised a plan to fight influenza. Chars allemands. Le 16 avril 1917, sous les ordres du chef d’escadrons Bossut, 132 chars Schneider attaquent à Berry-au-Bac. Though widely criticized by the medical community, Potter championed his method as being beneficial for both mother and child. Tanks: An Illustrated History of Their Impact. A7V Sturmpanzerwagen. https://fr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=A7V&oldid=177840622, Article manquant de références depuis juillet 2015, Article manquant de références/Liste complète, Catégorie Commons avec lien local identique sur Wikidata, Portail:Première Guerre mondiale/Articles liés, Portail:Époque contemporaine/Articles liés, licence Creative Commons attribution, partage dans les mêmes conditions, comment citer les auteurs et mentionner la licence. Sturmpanzer A7V: First of the Panzers. Malgré un effectif dix fois supérieur à celui des défenseurs, l'attaque se solda par un échec et sept chars furent détruits. For every 100 men killed in battle, 102 died of disease, either in the trenches or at bases in the United States. Les Allemands, eux, renforcés par les troupes revenues du front de l’Est, pensent prendre l’avantage lors d’ultimes offensives. Death in this manner was particularly nasty because the flu virus destroyed the lining of the patient’s airways, at which point secondary bacterial infections would infect the damaged tissue. Unlike a variety of other communicable diseases like yellow fever, typhoid, trachoma and even glanders, influenza was not a “reportable disease” in New York State at the beginning of 1918. Si vous disposez d'ouvrages ou d'articles de référence ou si vous connaissez des sites web de qualité traitant du thème abordé ici, merci de compléter l'article en donnant les références utiles à sa vérifiabilité et en les liant à la section « Notes et références ». The flu created thousands of orphans, rearranged countless families and, of course, ended the lives of 2,388 Buffalonians, 61,700 New Yorkers, 675,000 Americans and at least 50 million worldwide. Entre-temps, la … The epidemic peaked in Buffalo between October 13, with 1,882 cases reported, and October 19, when 119 people died in one 24-hour period. A second significant military outbreak of the disease was reported in September—this time at Camp Devens near Boston. Stroud, Gloucestershire: Alan Sutton Publishing Ltd. pp. U.S. Bulletins and posters, like this one from Connecticut, were disseminated in an attempt to educate the population on measures to prevent the spread of influenza. Le 8 octobre suivant enfin, onze A7V se heurtèrent aux Mark IV du 12e bataillon britannique. Reliably, Gram pointed out that there was no clear evidence that it was Spanish Flu that killed them, but for the first time he mentioned that his department was considering a plan to be mapped out “to fight the disease if it develops in Buffalo.” It is now clear how much of this calm was part of an intentional public relations campaign on the part of Dr. Gram as the acting health commissioner. 10 Novembre 2020, Rédigé par BERNIE 54 Publié dans #1914-1918, #BOYAUX, #FORTS, #Photographies, #Poilus, #TRANCHEES, #Verdun, #allemands, #americains, Bernard célèbre le 11 novembre en nous présentant ses dioramas consacrés à la grande guerre Schneider, Wolfgang; Strasheim, Rainer (1990). But at this time the decision of whether or not to adopt such measures was largely left in local hands. Les Allemands attaquent la Somme. Private Arthur Poole succumbed to the disease at Camp Custer in Michigan before he could test his bravery against the Kaiser’s guns. Mortality on this scale is beyond recent human experience. The same day, U.S. In March of 1918 over 100 soldiers at the camp had contracted influenza and that number would greatly multiply in only a short period. Although the grain transshipment and associated industries that had made Buffalo’s fortune were under threat from the Welland Canal, the city was home to a variety of industries vital to the allied war effort that continued to spur growth. Santa Barbara, California: ABC-CLIO. Over the weeks that followed, the famed Italian tenor Enrico Caruso canceled a concert in Buffalo, a terrier dog show was closed early and eagerly anticipated football games failed to be played, while meetings of an association of advertisers and the Women’s Christian Temperance Union (WCTU) were halted. In this context, Gram first floated the idea that Buffalo may have to submit to a quarantine. These stories expose the myth of a forgotten pandemic. (Agrandir la photo) 2 / 16. Les dernières offensives allemandes du printemps 1918 marquent l'usage majeur de chars de l' Entente, notamment à Soissons et Amiens. Dr. Irving White Potter was a leading proponent of child delivery through a method called "version and extraction." Comment ajouter mes sources ? The Encyclopedia of Tanks and Armoured Fighting Vehicles. Aujourd'hui ne subsiste qu'un seul A7V d'origine, le Mephisto, récupéré le 22 juillet 1918 par des troupes britanniques et australiennes, remorqué par deux chars britanniques, après son abandon à la suite d'une panne trois mois plus tôt. Their work in 1918 was complicated considerably by the war effort and the reluctance of President Woodrow Wilson’s administration to create any public panic that might interfere with the flow of troops and materiel to the front. © 2021 Western New York Heritage, Inc. - All Rights Reserved | Terms of Use | Privacy Policy, Mister Buffalo River— The Environmental Advocacy of Stan Spisiak, The Great Horse Healer: Dr. John T. Claris - East Buffalo Veterinary Hospital, Women-Led and World-Renowned: The Children’s Hospital of Buffalo, Our Work Is Not Confined: Pan Am Women Beyond the Fair, Another Look: The Historic Colored Musicians Club: Forming the Next Chapter of a National Treasure. 19. A bustling downtown Buffalo—complete with shops, schools, theaters, saloons and streetcars—presented, like many other urban centers nationwide, ideal conditions for the flu to spread. At about the same time, U.S. Il a été inauguré le 18 avril 1998. Char allemand à Villers-Bretonneux, le 24 avril 1918 La présence des chars allemands surprit les Britanniques qui se replièrent sur leur deuxième ligne. Tankograd. The following day the workers of the International Railway Corporation (IRC) declared a strike after failing to obtain a raise. Presumably, this was somewhat shocking to readers—something akin to our modern reaction to images of space-suit-clad doctors caring for Ebola patients in Liberia—but no doubt it was also meant to be instructive. For Americans, the flu pandemic began in the spring of 1918. George Fraley Jr., a scion of high society and a semi-pro golfer, died at the age of 18 before he could enter the class of 1922 at Yale. Mention the flu to any group of people and it is likely that someone will report they had a grandparent, or increasingly, a great-grandparent, who died of the flu. La Première Guerre mondiale (la Grande Guerre) fut un conflit militaire majeur qui eut lieu de 1914 à 1918. Début 1918, après trois ans de conflit, le front est bloqué et les Alliers sont épuisés. Gates Circle has witnessed, not only a name change, but also a whole renovation in its lifetime. Frederick Douglass' 1851 tour of Allegany County provides some unique insights into the philosophy and tactics of this iconic slave-turned-abolitionist. Ils dureront jusqu’au 25 mai. The car men agreed to the deal outdoors, of course, at the Buffalo Baseball Park. Ernest R. Goat, who made his living selling Chevrolets to the people of Buffalo, died and left behind a widow and two children, one of whom was also dying of the flu. Citizens were told to stay home when sick, wear masks, stop spitting in public and stop shaking hands. Il y a 80 ans, le 15 mai 1940, d’intenses combats débutaient dans le village de Stonne (Ardennes, région Grand-Est) entre les chars français et les blindés allemands. Off the Beaten Path: Frederick Douglass in Allegany County, at least one special character (! A7V no 542 Elfriede capturé par les troupes françaises le 24 avril 1918 à Villers-Bretonneux. Le 8 août, sur la Somme, six autres divisions connaissent le même sort. The full content is available in the Winter 2019 Issue. Chars d'assauts. Outdoor church meetings were initially allowed by Dr. Gram and Mayor Buck, but when October 12 dawned cold and rainy, Dr. Gram forbade them, saying that, “If all churches in Buffalo were to hold outdoor services on Sunday, we would have at least 50,000 additional influenza cases by Tuesday and possibly 1,000 more deaths by Thursday.” Interestingly, meetings of the street car union were the one exception to the ban, with the caveat that they be held outdoors. Wehrtechnik und wissenschaftliche Waffenkunde. Surgeon General Rupert Blue issued a series of flu control measures to localities across the country, in an effort to stem the disease’s spread. Les Chars allemands. When a person contracts the flu, they are contagious for two to four days before symptoms begin to appear. On October 3, a photograph of nurses wearing gauze masks prepared to treat soldiers and sailors in a military hospital in Boston appeared in the newspapers. Le haut commandement allemand ne croyant pas à l'utilité du char d'assaut, sa fabrication ne fut pas prioritaire : il y eut plus de chars britanniques ou français capturés dits Beutepanzer et utilisés par les forces allemandes … Exactly why this strain was so fatal continue to be debated. Funk, Wolfram (2003). In all, more than 29 million Americans contracted influenza between its first onset in the spring of 1918 and its final wave in Hawaii in 1920. All official pronouncements on the flu were muted in an effort to avoid public panic. Il est exposé désormais au Queensland Museum à Brisbane, en Australie. (Collection Patrice Lamy) (Agrandir la photo) 1 / 16. Dans la région de Villiers-Bretonneux-Cachy, trois chars anglais, un » mâle » et deux » femelle « , se trouvèrent face à face avec deux chars allemands. In fact, within the four-week period of September, virtually everywhere in the continental U.S. was grappling with the deadly disease. Buffalo acting Health Commissioner, Dr. F.C. Le Sturmpanzerwagen A7V (véhicule d'assaut blindé) fut le seul char d'assaut développé et déployé par l'armée allemande durant la Première Guerre mondiale. lire plus. The influenza pandemic was a private tragedy that occurred during a time of great and very public tragedy and triumph in the First World War. Armour in Profile. Source : La Contemporaine, « Albums Valois », « Tanks britanniques capturés par les Allemands »,1918 Un char « lourd » (29t) : dépendance vis-à-vis du Mais, si l'on en croit les mémoires de Ludendorff, cet exercice ne fit pas grande impression…. Chars Mark 1 restaurés par les Allemands et détruits en octobre 1918 A la fin de la guerre, en octobre 1918, comme s'il n'était pas conscient de leur défaite proche, les Allemands conçoivent un nouveau char dérivé du mark IV britannique, le char A7V/U. Staplehurst, Kent: Spellmount. Compared to the rest of the world, the U.S. got off comparatively easy: perhaps as many as a third of the world’s 1.8 billion people contracted the disease—and somewhere between 50 and 100 million of them died. Sturmpanzerwagen A7V : vom Urpanzer zum Kampfpanzer Leopard 2 : ein Beitrag zur Militär- und Technikgeschichte. Of course, it could also be that Buffalo had an additional reason for forgetting, in that the comparatively strict quarantine served its purpose.